Knee Pain & Osteoarthritis · Non-Surgical Care · Glastonbury, CT

Alternatives to Knee Replacement: An Honest Guide to Your Options

The most treated joint in this practice, evaluated with the same evidence-first approach used since 2007 — starting with live ultrasound diagnosis and treatment matched to the joint you actually have not the one an X-ray report describes.

Performed by Dr. Tortland personallyUltrasound-guided diagnosisNon-surgical options first

Quick answer

Knee pain and osteoarthritis are most often treated without surgery: activity modification and targeted strengthening first, then, when conservative care isn't enough, ultrasound-guided orthobiologic injections such as PRP, BMA, or MFAT. Candidacy depends on how much cartilage remains and what live ultrasound actually shows — not age or X-ray severity alone. Surgery remains the right answer for end-stage, bone-on-bone arthritis and mechanical problems like a fully torn ligament or displaced meniscus.

Most common conditions

Osteoarthritis, meniscus tears, patellar tendinopathy

Diagnosis method

Live, dynamic ultrasound examination

Non-surgical options

PRP, BMA, MFAT, intraosseous injection, prolotherapy

Return to activity

Usually within days; depends on treatment

First results

Weeks 4 to 16, depending on treatment

Who treats you

Dr. Tortland personally, every visit

When surgery is right

Bone-on-bone arthritis or mechanical instability

Insurance

Not covered; but HSA / FSA applicable

Definition

What is causing your knee pain?

And why the right diagnosis matters more than the treatment you pick.

Knee pain has many different sources — cartilage wear, a meniscus tear, patellar tendon irritation, an inflamed bursa, or a bone marrow lesion underneath otherwise intact cartilage. Two patients with an identical-looking X-ray can have very different problems underneath. Confirming which structure is actually failing on live ultrasound, rather than assuming from imaging alone, is the starting point for any treatment plan.

Not every knee that hurts needs an injection, and not every injection is appropriate for every knee. Whether conservative care, PRP, a cellular treatment like BMA or MFAT, or a referral for surgery is the right next step depends on how much cartilage remains, what's actually causing the pain, and the patient's own goals.

  • Diagnosis confirmed on live ultrasound before any treatment is discussed
  • Treatment matched to the specific structure and severity involved, not a one-size protocol
  • Every injection placed under live ultrasound, never blind
  • Performed by Dr. Tortland personally, in office, same day

Indications

What does PRP conditions are treated here?

The knee conditions seen most often in this practice, treated without surgery whenever the evidence and the ultrasound findings support it.

Knee osteoarthritisMeniscus tearPatellar tendinopathyChondromalacia patellaPartial ACL or MCL tearIT band syndromeBaker's cystBone marrow lesionPatellofemoral pain syndromePost-arthroscopy painQuadriceps tendinopathyPes anserine bursitisPrepatellar bursitisOsteochondral defectEarly degenerative joint changesPost-injury swelling and instability

Step by step

How the PRP knee evaluation and treatment works - the Dr. Tortland Method:

The Dr. Tortland difference: live ultrasound diagnosis, treatment matched to the finding, performed personally.

01

Diagnostic ultrasound first

Every knee evaluation starts with a dynamic ultrasound examination of the joint, tendons, and surrounding structures so the actual pain generator is identified — not assumed from an X-ray or MRI report alone.

02

Imaging review

X-ray and, when indicated, MRI are reviewed alongside the ultrasound findings to confirm how much cartilage and joint space remain and to rule out anything that wouldn't respond to injection treatment.

03

Treatment selection

Based on the diagnosis and severity, the right non-surgical option is selected — PRP for mild to moderate arthritis and tendinopathy, BMA or MFAT for more advanced cases, or a referral to a trusted surgeon when the joint is beyond what injection treatment can help.

04

Preparation, when an injection is indicated

When PRP, BMA, or MFAT is the right next step, it's prepared in an on-site laboratory the same visit and customized to the patient's age, injury, and baseline platelet or cell count never a preset commercial kit. Dr. Tortland's process derivessignificantly higher concentration than most standard commercial kits produce.

05

MSK Ultrasound-guided injection

The injection is placed under live ultrasound guidance into the exact structure at fault inside the knee — the joint capsule, a specific tendon, or, for select bone marrow lesions, directly into the bone itself.

06

Recovery instructions

You leave with a written loading schedule specific to your knee and the treatment given. Expect two to five days of soreness after an injection — that response is part of the treatment working. No anti-inflammatories for two weeks.

07

Follow-up and re-evaluate

Follow-up at six to ten weeks with repeat ultrasound, and imaging when appropriate, to compare the joint's appearance and your symptoms against baseline and decide on next steps.

Candidacy

Who this helps — and who it does not.

Good candidate
  • Mild to moderate osteoarthritis on imaging
  • Patellar or quadriceps tendinopathy that has failed rest and physical therapy
  • A meniscus tear without a large, unstable flap
  • Patients who want to avoid or delay joint replacement
  • Patients who cannot take repeated cortisone
  • Athletes needing tissue quality restored, not just pain masked
Not a candidate
  • End-stage, bone-on-bone knee arthritis with significant deformity
  • A complete ACL tear or fully displaced meniscus flap needing surgical repair
  • Active infection, local or systemic
  • Active blood cancers or platelet disorders
  • Patients unwilling to follow the post-injection loading plan
  • Cases where ultrasound shows a different, non-treatable cause

Comparison

Non-surgical knee care compared with the alternatives.

Option
What it does
Duration of benefit
Effect on tissue
OptionCortisone injection
What it doesSuppresses inflammation and pain
Duration of benefitWeeks to a few months
Effect on tissueCan weaken tendon and cartilage with repetition
OptionHyaluronic acid
What it doesAdds lubrication to the joint
Duration of benefitMonths, variable
Effect on tissueNo repair effect on cartilage
OptionPRP
What it doesDelivers growth factors that stimulate repair
Duration of benefitCommonly 12 months or more per course
Effect on tissueAims to improve tissue quality
OptionCellular orthobiologics
What it doesDelivers cells plus signaling proteins
Duration of benefitOften longer in advanced joints
Effect on tissueStronger biologic signal for degenerated joints
OptionSurgery
What it doesRemoves or replaces structure
Duration of benefitLong-term, definitive for the right case
Effect on tissueStructural change with recovery cost

Frequently asked

Knee treatment questions.

Does PRP actually work for knee arthritis?

For appropriately selected knees, yes. Multiple randomized trials show PRP outperforming hyaluronic acid and saline for mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis at six and twelve months. It's far less effective in end-stage, bone-on-bone knees, where a referral to a surgeon is the more honest recommendation.

What if my knee arthritis is too advanced for PRP?

PRP works best when there's still cartilage and joint space left. For more advanced knee osteoarthritis, cellular orthobiologics like BMA (bone marrow aspirate) or MFAT (microfragmented adipose tissue) deliver actual stem and stromal cells in addition to growth factors, which can offer a stronger biologic signal. A 2021 randomized trial found BMAC outperformed both PRP and hyaluronic acid on pain and function scores at twelve months in patients with grade II to IV osteoarthritis, though not every study agrees, and it's not a substitute for surgery in truly bone-on-bone knees.

What is prolotherapy, and is it used for the knee?

Prolotherapy is an injection of a dextrose solution intended to stimulate a mild, localized healing response in a lax or irritated ligament or tendon attachment. It's a lower-intensity option than PRP or cellular orthobiologics, sometimes used for ligament laxity around the knee, and can be layered into a broader treatment plan alongside other injections.

How painful is a knee injection?

The skin and joint capsule are numbed with local anesthetic first, and most patients report pressure rather than sharp pain. Soreness in the knee afterward typically peaks at two to four days and settles within a week.

How long does knee treatment take to work?

Most knees show meaningful change between weeks eight and sixteen as tissue remodels, with continued improvement for up to a year. Tendon-only conditions like patellar tendinopathy often respond faster, around weeks four to eight.

Is all knee PRP the same?

No. Most clinics use commercial bedside kits that yield only 2 to 3 times baseline platelet concentration. PRP here is custom-formulated in an on-site laboratory using an Exo Advantage preparation system, with platelet concentration measured directly on a Beckman Coulter DxH 500 cell counter before it goes in — to a therapeutic target of 12 to 15 times baseline or higher, tailored to the patient's knee, age, and baseline platelet count.

Is knee treatment covered by insurance?

PRP and cellular treatments for the knee are not currently covered by most U.S. insurers and are paid out of pocket. The diagnostic ultrasound and X-ray or MRI review that come before treatment are often billable to insurance.

Can I take ibuprofen after a knee injection?

No. NSAIDs blunt the platelet and cellular signaling these treatments depend on. Stop them roughly seven days before a knee injection and avoid them for two weeks afterward unless instructed otherwise. Acetaminophen is fine.

Who performs my knee injection?

Dr. Tortland performs every knee evaluation and injection himself under live ultrasound guidance. He has treated knee osteoarthritis and tendon injury since 2007 and was the first physician in the world certified in regenerative medicine.

Sources

References & further reading.

01

Mulvaney SW, Tortland PD, Shiple B, Curtis K. Regenerative medicine options for chronic musculoskeletal conditions: a review of the literature. Endurance and Sports Medicine. 2018.

**Medical Disclaimer:** Information on this page is provided for educational purposes and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment, guarantee a particular outcome, or establish a physician-patient relationship. Treatment suitability and expected results vary by patient and depend on individual clinical circumstances and the available scientific evidence. The inclusion of a procedure, treatment, or therapy on this website does not mean that it is appropriate for every patient, effective for every condition, superior to other treatment options, or guaranteed to produce a particular result. Orthobiologic procedures discussed on this website are medical procedures performed under the practice of medicine. The FDA regulatory status of any particular product, device, or use may vary, and FDA approval or clearance should not be inferred unless specifically stated. Dr. Tortland reports no financial interest in the products or devices described on this page. Individual results vary, and treatment decisions require an appropriate clinical evaluation, including an in-person examination when indicated.

Find out whether your knee can be treated without surgery.

Candidacy is determined on ultrasound, not over the phone. Bring your imaging and get an honest answer about your knee in one visit.